Difference Between British And South African English Language Essay

Difference Between British And South African English Language Essay Introduction: I aim to establish dialectal features importance upon the English language. This will occur through identifying how dialectal features are introduced into speech, significant differences between British English and South African English, as well as the possible differences in application of dialect into language. I aim to identify distinctive dialectal features in ordinary, colloquial speech, which are different to English speakers. A comparison of British English and South African English will enable differences to be shown. Within the speech, variables will affect the language choice, not always dialectal variables. These variables include age (adults and Children in the conversation), location of the speakers (where theyre from and location which they currently reside) as well as the tier of class which the speakers are from. I will focus upon South Africans (English speaking not Afrikaans- the Lingua Franca), the test subjects are from the Cape Town area in South-west South Africa. Therefore, the South African test subjects should have many similarities to the British speaking English test subjects. As a consequence, I expect the main difference between the two sets of test subjects to be lexical due to them being English speaking. Research: Dialect differentiates language, distinguishing location, class and other social boundaries. The South African language is similar to the English language, a cosmopolitan, hybrid language, with lexis being drawn from many other languages and cultures. Officially there are 11 languages feeding into South African [1] from Dutch Afrikaans to English, providing dialectal words such as the Afrikaaner word Braai for barbeque. It is often that these words interlink into different languages with the meaning mirrored in the adopted language such as Dutch to Afrikaans lexis. This is obvious through words like Biltong (Afrikaans) and aardvark (Afrikaans) transferring to the English language. English is seen as a Lingua Franca in South Africa, not necessarily the dominant language spoken language, but instead a language which is a backup language which is always spoken in contexts where appropriate, for example, English is the international business language, therefore the majority of business is conducted in English. As a consequence Afrikaans speakers use English; the lingua franca language use in Afrikaans-medium high schools in Pretoria reported that they often used English words when speaking Afrikaans [2]. Therefore showing the English languages dominance due to the ability to transfer into different languages. Therefore, itll be interesting to see if the South African language of 11 different languages and distinctive dialects transfers into the English language as seen with the transfer of French lexis such as Entrepreneur, quit or Cafe. Dialects form through modification of standard of English, changing due to influences and situations. They are a form of expression, marking individualism or belonging to a group e.g. social grouping such as level of class (Gentry, middle or working). As Peter Trudgill interprets dialects allow for recognition of area of growing up or current residence Other people will use this information to help them decide where we are fromà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ [3]. This investigation aims to distinguish the differences of lexical variations, grammatical differences, approaches to speech, length of utterances, and use of taboo and non-fluency features. Data Analysis: The speech is started off by statements (declarative) and questions (interrogative sentence mood), for example line one of the South African transcript Kieron (.) dinner time. The use of these sentence moods is the typical, standard of introduction for conversation. Furthermore both transcripts feature turn-yielding cues at the end of around half of sentences, leading to the formation of adjacency pairs. Therefore, theres no difference between English and Southern African English conversations over on how theyre introduced or ended suggesting this method is the standard, not fulfilling any aims of establishing dialectal differences. The main difference between the dialects of Southern Africa and an English Dialect is a high lexical variation. A clear example is the word robots used in Western South Africa to mean Traffic lights. This shows the use of different lexis to apply the same meaning as also seen through the adjective Lekker to mean good or nice. Whereas the transcript shows the English dialect to use +degree adverbs intensifying the adjective the food is very burnt as opposed to the Southern African these crunchies are lekker. The South African lexis doesnt rely upon intensifiers instead having stronger dialectal words to take the place of two words, whereas the word Crunchies is a piece of South African lexis for Flapjack. Nouns have been used with inflections for both English speech and South African speech. Proper Nouns for both English and South African havent featured the inflection of s with the exception of General motors' which said singularly on its own. However, common nouns are varied in both English and in Southern African. Concrete nouns such as Takkies or Pants both feature the inflection of s, yet concrete nouns like Lappie havent featured an inflection. This feature of spoken language is mirrored in the English transcript with concrete nouns such as apples crackers. This shows no difference between the South African and British English dialect in the application of inflections, not helping to solve the language investigation. Adjectives dont tend to have inflections such as suffixes added to them in either dialects. Both dialects lack suffixes such as -en to give adjectives a regional placer, helping to determine the area or social class from which the test subjects are in or reside from. The South African transcript uses adjectives such as slow pre-modifying nouns like any normal application of adjectives. Whereas, the English transcript also applies adjectives use; e.g. well ridiculously cheap. This shows there is little if no difference between uses of adjectives between these two different dialects, suggesting it again to be the standard. As a consequence neither disproving nor proving a noticeable difference between the dialects. Whereas, adverbs are also similar with no real noticeable difference between the two different dialects. Neither dialects as discussed before seem to use suffixes onto the adverbs e.g. slowly. Adverbs have been used in both dialects as transcribed showing the adverbs to intensify or portray manner, place or time, as seen by ridiculously cheap. As seen before, this doesnt identify dialectal differences, meaning the aims fulfilled. However, there is a difference in pronoun structure between the two transcripts and dialects. The English dialect transcript focuses upon object personal pronouns e.g. i didnt know this, whereas the South African transcript mainly uses subject personal pronouns (I) (we). However, this may not be a dialectal difference due to being in different circumstances with them both being on different topics due to not being scripted. Therefore it neither confirms nor disproves dialectal differences in speech. The South African transcripts shows dynamic verbs used with past tense inflections of -ed as well as present tense inflections of -e: i lagged Whereas the English transcript also shows the use of dynamic verbs, but only in the past tense. Like the South African Dynamic verbs, it portrays the action having already occurred. However, neither of these inflections are dialect specific, such as an Eastern English dialect of he walk. Therefore, this doesnt help to identify dialectal features in spoken language. The utterance length is higher in the English transcript on average as compared to the South African, suggesting dialect may affect length of utterance. However, there are more speakers (5) as compared to (4) within the South African discourse; therefore it is more likely that each speaker will have a shorter duration of speech due to some form of interruption by another speaker. As a consequence, this hints that utterance length may be a dialectal feature; however it is more likely to have been highly influenced by the amount of speakers. Therefore not really being a useful piece of data. The transcripts have recorded different features of non-fluency signifiers, showing that dialect may cause different non-fluency features. The South African transcript notes the high use of fillers and other parts of unscripted speech such as facework like the facilitive tag question youre lovely (.) arent you. voice filled pauses occur where the speaker responds, yet doesnt provide a very clear answer. Whereas the British English transcript shows quite a high use of false-starts and recycling in speech unlike the South African transcript. This clearly shows both dialects have certain non-fluency features; however they vary and may just be partially dialect specific. It is obvious the main difference between these transcripts and dialects is lexical variation. This is not really surprising due to the South African test subjects being English spoken. English South Africa is hugely influenced by western media i.e. American TV programs. The only real way to clarify these findings of dialect not being hugely different between British English and western South African is to undertake many more tests to see if there is reliability in the results or if it shows a broader theme as such. CUT = This conclusion is repeated through the use of negatives, where neither dialects show abnormal use of negatives, therefore not providing a noticeable difference, meaning no clear conclusion can be drawn from these results.

Dominating the poem Essay

Ode to Nightingale is an antithesis of life and death, with death very much dominating the poem (Keats suffered from tuberculosis, and his description of men suffering in Ode to a Nightingale could indicate that he himself was in great pain when he wrote the poem), whereas The Prelude describes a conflict between man and nature, and Ode to Autumn is simply admiring an aspect of nature. However, Keats and Wordsworth both allude to ideals expressed in the philosophical viewpoint Romanticism. Wordsworth thought that the individual could understand nature without society or civilisation, and this is the stance that he takes in The Prelude. The metaphor of a single person in a boat in the middle of a huge lake represents one person in isolation from society. The mountain that towers over the person in the boat represents the raw power of nature, so much more powerful than a mere human (a Romantic ideal is that nature comes first, while people and their thoughts and activities come second. Wordsworth takes it to extreme in The Prelude with his descriptive comparison of the â€Å"huge peak, black and huge† and the â€Å"little boat†. The imagery comes across very vividly in the poem, and man seems insignificant when compared with the â€Å"huge and mighty forms, that do not live like living men†.) Keats also expresses his idea of the power of nature, but from a different viewpoint. He does not see nature as raw, wild power that is a colossus compared with trivial humans. He instead regards nature as a friend in suffering (in Ode to a Nightingale: â€Å"Now more than ever it seems rich to die†¦while thou art pouring thy soul abroad†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) and as a thing with its own magic (Ode to Autumn: â€Å"Where are the songs of Spring?†¦Think not of them, thou hast thy music too†) In Ode to a Nightingale Keats also sees the nightingale as a thing of immense spiritual power, something so powerful that it can trigger his imagination and send him into a fantasy world of â€Å"verdurous glooms and winding mossy ways† where he can forget his pain for a short while, even though afterwards he is forced to realise that his poetry cannot help him escape his pain permanently (â€Å"the fancy cannot cheat so well as she is fam’d to do, deceiving elf.†) This is another similarity which the two writers share: they both describe spiritual experiences that have happened to them. Wordsworth describes the effect that the view of the megalith mountain had on him (â€Å"but after I had seen that spectacle, for many days, my brain worked with a dim and undetermined sense of unknown modes of being†) and describes his feelings of â€Å"solitude† and â€Å"blank desertion† that were â€Å"a trouble† to his dreams. Keats uses a lot of very entrancing imagery (â€Å"soft incense†, â€Å"embalmed darkness†, â€Å"pastoral eglantine†, â€Å"musky rose, full of dewy wine† and â€Å"murmurous haunt of flies† all create a very clear picture of the fantasy world Keats has conjured up in his imagination, influenced by the song of the nightingale) and emotive language (the poem is full of exclamations such as â€Å"Away!†, â€Å"Adieu!† and â€Å"Folorn!† that seem almost like laments, especially in the case of â€Å"thou wast not born for death, immortal Bird!†) in Ode to a Nightingale, succeeding in drawing the reader into an bond with his thoughts where they can see, hear and smell everything that Keats is experiencing. This sort of empathy through poetry is very difficult to achieve, though Keats also manages it in Ode to Autumn through his descriptions of â€Å"season of mists and mellow fruitfulness†. Keats does not reflect much on his experience in Ode to a Nightingale, except only to wonder â€Å"was it a vision, or a waking dream?†¦Do I wake or sleep?† However, this last question lets the reader themselves reflect on the meaning of the nightingale (though throughout the poem the references to â€Å"easeful death† and â€Å"Darkling† make it obvious that the bird symbolises death.) Keats and Wordsworth have widely different styles of writing. Their poems greatly differ in language form and structure, especially between Wordsworth’s simple language and Keats’ traditionally embellished diction. However, both poets have had troubled times in their lives, and their poems (Ode to a Nightingale and The Prelude) reflect this. They both portray their spiritual encounters with nature as having had a great effect on them, which is in keeping with the Romantic ideals of nature and spirituality. They also express their Romantic views of nature as a source of power, though they have different views on the type of power that nature possesses.

How to Choose Essay Samples Word

How to Choose Essay Samples Word What You Need to Know About Essay Samples Word Writing a fantastic essay on technology does not need to be difficult. Today's lesson might be a bit dull, but it's vital for future work. Selecting an excellent topic for your essay is among the most essential and frequently tricky parts for many students. Political science topics for essay writing when you're requested to take a political science class, you probably feel that it's a waste of time and it isn't. Writing an essay is a vital role in academe life. It is an art and it needs a lot of preparations to make a perfect article. Essay writing is normally practiced is schools. Persuasive writing can be hard, particularly when you're made to face with a close-minded audience. If you're looking for a sample persuasive essay then one of the very first places you will likely look is the web. There are those who believe that the more cash that you have, the happier you are. You may trust us to give expert aid for many of your academic writing needs. In the event you had thought about using an illustration of a persuasive essay, then one of the very first things to be alert to is the chance of being caught for plagiarism. Here's What I Know About Essay Samples Word The target of a persuasive essay is to convince your readers your viewpoint is the correct viewpoint. Most academic essay topics usually ask you to choose a side in an argument or maybe to defend a specific side against c riticism. The simplest way to figure out the form of an essay is to realize the writer's point of view. If you're offered to compose an essay in 250 words, you ought to be in a place to organize all significant information about the subject in the designated word count and it should make an effect on the readers. Generally, you're going to be asked to opt for a perspective in an argument or maybe to support a particular viewpoint against critiques. It would be considerably more difficult to align your arguments to coordinate with the thesis, and it could diminish the worth of your assessment and the validity of your arguments. Without a thesis, it's impossible that you present a productive argument. Your persuasive argument is going to be made stronger if you're able to demonstrate that you're passionate about the subject and have a strong opinion one way or the other. The Nuiances of Essay Samples Word In your introduction paragraph, it is sufficient to introduce the topic and offer meaningful background details. Supporting details have to be presented accurately also. No matter your reasons for choosing to use this kind of essay, you ought to know that the results will almost certainly be negative. There's no ideal solution on how best to compose an effective essay. As it is, if you should use a persuasive essay template, after the lengthy search to find something depending on the topic which you wish to write about, it's still highly unlikely it will reflect your requirements adequately enough to secure you a nice grade. To compose an impressive short essay, especially during an examination, you have to be in a position to hit the question and give a straightforward answer while at the very same time observing the most suitable structure of an essay. It will be simpler that you compose a very good persuasive essay if it's a subject in which you have knowledge. Weave in your perspective to turn your essay unique. Just comply with the guidelines stated above, and you will be well on your way to writing an excellent persuasive essay. On the opposite side, obtaining a list of good persuasive essay topics is insufficient. Sample persuasive essays can also give inspiration on topics to write on in addition to serve as examples about how to compose your essay. A persuasive essay has to be able to grab the interest of the folks reading it easily. The finest persuasive short essays often concentrate on controversial problems. A persuasive speech is provided with the goal of persuading the audience to feel a particular way, to take a particular action, or to support a particular view or cause. Folks that are focused on money find themselves working all of the time they don't have time to do the things they enjoy. Women in the film are unwavering and prepared to provide their precious aid in a dire circumstance.

The Beauty Standard Essay - 712 Words

The Beauty Standard Does this make me look fat?† Everyone at one time or another has experienced this iconic question in some way. Your best friend may have asked it, as she was getting ready for a date or maybe you muttered these words to yourself as you stared disapprovingly into a mirror; either way, this six-word question alludes to a standard of beauty that everyone strives to meet. A standard of beauty that is almost impossible to meet. The definition of beauty has evolved greatly over the years and it differs from culture to culture. Today, western culture idolizes the woman who is â€Å"thin, large breasted, and white (tanned, but not too brown)† (WVFV, pg. 220). This woman is one that millions of women strive to look like in†¦show more content†¦Many women will participate various forms of cosmetic and body sculpting to reach their desired appearance. Other women may even develop an eating disorder in order to lose weight. Both of these actions are extremely harmful to the human body in that they put the body under extreme stress and that they are life threatening. In Western Society, more and more young women are affected by an eating disorder or have undergone cosmetic surgery. It has been shown that â€Å"up to 20 percent of people with serious eating disorders die from the disorder† (WVFV, pg. 230). If people did not feel so obligated to reach a level of perfection in order to feel accepted by society then the numbers of how many people die from eating disorders or cosmetic surgeries would not be as high as they are today. How can we lower these numbers? Together, we can lower the numbers of people dying from eating disorders and cosmetic surgeries by resisting the beauty ideal. We can choose â€Å"to not participate in the beauty rituals, to not support the industries that produce both images and products, and to create other definitions of beauty† (WVFV, pg. 232). The most crucial and easiest solu tion is to create other definitions of beauty. Ultimately, it is up to the individual to decide what is beautiful. What if someone decided that the only thing that could contribute to one’s beauty is who someone is on the inside? Wouldn’t our world be a completely different place? Instead ofShow MoreRelatedThe Beauty Of Beauty Standards1493 Words   |  6 Pagessending a message that if we can posses these attributes then we, too can have a satisfactory life. Beyoncà © recently addressed the issue of unattainable beauty standards, as well as the struggle for true happiness in her new song and music video â€Å"Pretty Hurts† where she depicts how obsessively hurtful it is to want to be perfect or the epitome of beauty. Surgeries becoming more common because it is in altering appearances that we become more desirable in today s society. Seeking attention and overallRead MoreThe Beauty Standards Of America1099 Words   |  5 PagesCommon standards set by so ciety are deemed as appropriate for all people no matter what race. American people are very diverse and what is acceptable to gender, age or race differs from person to person. More specifically, American women share complaints regarding the unrealistic beauty standards that are set by the media and society. Many women complain that it is not fair that they are judged by their outer appearance and are viewed as not beautiful enough, or not normal when they do not conformRead MoreThe Unrealistic Standards Of Beauty888 Words   |  4 PagesBeauty is in the eye of the beholder. This is an old saying my grandmother would say to me growing up. I was taught my beauty depended on my perspective. I was taught to accept and love myself as I am. In the past decades, beauty standards didnt require much from girls, and the culture taught girl to accept their appearance. However, This self acceptance twisted as the years went, from generation to generation. The society set unrealistic standar ds of beauty across the world. This new occurrenceRead MoreStandard Of Beauty Essay926 Words   |  4 Pagescreates a standard of beauty for women that often changes along with society due to a new perspective on what it means to be beautiful in our culture. These standards for beauty create what our society believes makes a woman desirable, attractive, perfect, and overall beautiful.   Which then enforces unhealthy and unrealistic beauty ideals that negatively affect womens self-image and their body image because society has attributed beauty to self worth. The result is with the ever changing standards of beautyRead MoreThe Cost Of Beauty Standards1245 Words   |  5 Pages The Cost of Beauty Standards The way of displaying people has always been conditioned to a specific standard of beauty. Being this a highly subjective matter, it is very complex to fathom the real dimensions and specifics of it. Merriam Webster defines beauty as: â€Å"the quality of being physically attractive.† This simple and broad definition makes beauty a subject to any person’s taste and likes, which in result, makes it free of all structure. However, as times have progressed from the first portrayalsRead MoreThe Social Standard Of Beauty973 Words   |  4 Pagesouter beauty such as appearance more than inner beauty. The image of women in the media is about having a slim and well-shaped body, and a bright skin tone, but how many women think that they are perfect in the reality? The social standard of women’s image is affected by the media because it has strong influence in society. Gradually, people believe that having a slim body and bright skin stone equals to beauty, and women set this social standard as their goal. However, the social standard of beautyRead MoreSociocultural Standards of Beauty1905 Words   |  8 PagesSociocultural standards of beauty are constantly presented in popular forms of media, but not necessarily in a realistic or attainable way. Unfortunately, these images and ideas blur the line between fictionalized standards and what’s actually realistic, displaying the inherent message that in order for someone to be considered attractive they must be unhealthy. Furthermore, because the media has such a strong power to influence people, these unrealistic expectations can lead to low self-esteem,Read MoreBeauty Standards Essay1948 Words   |  8 Pages Beauty Standards: What is their Impact? â€Å"In the end, people should be judged by their actions, since in the end, it was actions that defined everyone.† This is a quote by Nicholas Sparks, a novelist, screenwriter, and producer who has written two books. His quote means to say that a person should not judge another person by their looks but rather by their actions because it is action and personality that defines a person not their visage. Beauty ideals, or beauty standards, are ideals that are admiredRead MoreImpossible Beauty Standards For Women1190 Words   |  5 PagesImpossible Beauty Standards For Women in America Beauty has been a controversial idea for thousands of years. It has been defined as a scientific equation of symmetry, evolutionarily pleasing traits for reproduction, a charming personality, and so on. However, one quote seems to have answered this question most sufficiently, â€Å"Beauty lies in the eye of the beholder.† Unfortunately, this answer isn’t good enough for American society. No one on this earth is exactly alike in physical appearance orRead MoreSocietal Standards Of Female Beauty1282 Words   |  6 Pagesguidance when it comes to fashion, beauty, and information. â€Å"Magazines and advertisements are used to help women better themselves by giving information and products to make them look and feel better† (Serdar 1). Without magazines and advertisements there wouldn t be an exact focus on beauty standards.. People would have the freedom to choose what they like and what they consider beautiful instead of following the crowd. â€Å"Sociocultura l standards of female beauty are in every aspect of popular media

Essay on The Safely Surrendered Baby Law - 1194 Words

Possible Causes The sole reason for the Safely Surrendered Baby law is to prevent child abandonment in infants, which can usually lead to death. Parents are known to also to commit neonaticide (the killing of a baby on the day of its birth) in other cases. This matter has made itself known through media, which makes it spread like wildfire; but the probable causes are never listed properly. The complexity of the arguments surrounding baby abandonment is also deepened by the multitude of cultures. Recent attention to the problem of abandoned babies, and resulting legislative remedies, are responses to the often-publicized stories of babies left in unsafe public places. Regardless of the lack of a clear classification, this is a†¦show more content†¦In the case of public abandonment, the women are often not mature enough to thoughtfully weigh their options or the consequences of their actions. Reasons for killing and/or discarding infants include extramarital paternity, rape, illegitimacy and perceiving the child as an obstacle to personal achievement.† (Brief Summary, 2000) In the absence of specific statistics, it is important to recognize the network of social influences in which baby abandonment happens. It is an issue that affects and is affected by teenagers, parents, schools, churches, and other community organizations. It also places a toll on all of the social services that exist to look after parents and children, including health care, child welfare, mental health care, and welfare. Parents who abandon babies shortly after birth have fallen through the cracks of all of the mentioned public supports and social systems that exist to protect parents and children. Aside from the typical sex education; school-based services along with community-based services are in place to help young adults make informed decisions about reproductive health. Public and private organizations provide assistance such as counseling to women undergoing unplanned pregnancies. The public child welfare system and private adoption agencies provide parents with an opportuni ty to relinquish their children, in many cases confidentially. Families, schools,Show MoreRelatedEssay about Safe Surrendered Baby Law1319 Words   |  6 PagesThe Safely Surrendered Baby Law has responded to an increasing number of newborn infant deaths due to abandonment in unsafe locations. The Safely Surrendered Baby Law was first established in Jaunary 2001, eventually being signed permanently into state law in January 2006. The law’s objective is to be a safeguard for newborn infants at risk of abandonment by encouraging parents or persons with lawful custody to safely surrender the infant within 72 hours of birth, no questions asked (California DepartmentRead MorePersonal Statement : Health Care Provider1905 Words   |  8 Pagesthe ones educating our patients. The best way to urge a woman to discontinue smoking is to educate them about the risks to themselves and their fetus at the first prenatal visit. March of dimes is an organization aimed at improving the health of babies by preventing birth defects, premature birth, and infant mortality. This website has many different links to help mothers learn about health before becoming pregnant, how to have a healthy pregnancy, preparing for birth, caring for a herself andRead More The Alamo Essay2090 Words   |  9 Pagesestablished his settlement. The Mexican government under the urging of President Bustamante made harsh laws against arrival of new immigrants into Texas in 1830. Trade was also restricted with America. All borders were closed to newcomers but the Louisiana border could not be patrolled and settlers continued to arrive in Texas. American settlers were put into jail for the ruckus they caused due to these new laws, among them was Stephen Austin. On July 1833 Austin traveled to Mexico City to plead the causeRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy s President Of The United States1813 Words   |  8 Pagesprevent countries from obtaining nuclear weapons. He envisioned of the test ban as a first step to nuclear disarmament. (Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 2) President Kennedy announced before Congress the dramatic and ambitious goal of sending an American safely to the moon before the end of the decade. (Steve Garber) The overall goal was to be rushing to the moon. Kennedy felt great pressure to have the United States catch up in overtake the Soviet union in the space race. (Steve Garber) his goal wasRead MoreGender and Consumerism in Postwar Canada Essay2341 Words   |  10 Pagesbehind the paradox. Furthermore, mothers and wives were isolated, discriminated against, and reduced to an idealist and traditional view of who they were supposed to be and how they were supposed to act in the postwar period. When the Axis forces surrendered to the Allies in 1945, Canada was under the Liberal leadership of Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King. Our contemporary understanding of the term â€Å"liberal† should not be confused with Mackenzie King’s and his successor Louis St. Laurent’sRead MoreHistory Grade 10 Exam Review6476 Words   |  26 Pageswill infiltrate or take over the country * Padlock Law * in 1937, the Duplessis government passed the Padlock Law * gave authorities the right to enter public/private buildings in search for communism propaganda * it gave the authorities the right to define communism on their own terms * if propaganda was found, the building would be padlocked until the owner appeared in court for trial * this law silenced political opposition in Quebec and kept labour unionsRead MorePattern of Thesis11382 Words   |  46 Pagesinstead will only be hidden from the system. All information in solved cases will be stored into a back-up database for future references in case that the same person will be lost again. The system will end if the reported missing person is already surrendered to their relatives. Only the IT Department of the Department of Social Welfare Development personnel has the authority of maintaining, changing and improving the system. This will ensure that a high-level security will be implemented. Likewise,Read MoreManagement Challenges for the 21st Century.Pdf60639 Words   |  243 PagesPractitioners will therefore tend to act and to behave as the discipline’s assumptions tell them to. Even more important, the reality of a natural science, the physical universe and its laws, do not change (or if they do only over eons rather than over centuries, let alone over decades). The social universe has no â€Å"natural laws† of this kind. It is thus subject to continuous change. And this means that assumptions that were valid yesterday can become invalid and, indeed, totally misleading in no time at

The Book Gender Free Essays

In chapter six of the book Gender: Ideas, Interactions and Institutions, Lisa Wade and Myra Marx Ferree discuss inequality involving men and masculinities. The reading talks about the concept of â€Å"doing gender†, braking or going by certain gender rules, is performed by everyone in order to fit into society. The concept that there are two genders, otherwise known as gender binary, is hierarchical and places men above women and values masculinity above femininity. We will write a custom essay sample on The Book Gender or any similar topic only for you Order Now (Wade 113). This has bad outcomes for both genders due to the fact that for women, it reduces their social status. For men, it leads them to believe their interests take more priority than women. The chapter then discusses an example of this with cheerleading where in the mid 1800s, cheerleading was an all male sport and it was â€Å"too masculine for women.† When women showed interest in the sport, it changed how people thought of cheerleading. The focus on the chapter is to show the different ways social inequality occurs and gives different examples of situations in which certain traits of masculinity are glorified, allowing certain men to be glorified. The chapter continues through talking about hegemony; a sociological concept used to help us understand this social inequality in our society. Men who fail to embody hegemonic masculinity, otherwise known as being the â€Å"idealized man† are lower on the scale that establishes the hierarchy of man that ranks them from most to least masculine. The traits of a â€Å"higher up man† would include strength, white, athletic and be considered a â€Å"real man.† This is experienced on both the individual and group level, because individual men are viewed as a certain way, but are put into distinct groups because of it. An example of this is men who are physically weak are called â€Å"wimps†, but solely based on their individual traits. Men take many risks in their lives and are shown to be more likely to get into a fight than a woman. (Wade 129). Research was done to show the different arrests based on an individual’s sex. It showed that all crimes were over 50% male with murder, rape and carrying weapons being the greatest percentage over 80%. These rules of masculinity keep men from being able to express certain emotions, even enough to develop intimate friendships. A psychologist named Niobe Way interviewed boys about their friendships, with a 17 year old mind answering that their relationship is mostly â€Å"joking around† and â€Å"not about serious stuff.† This proves the argument that men have to follow the gender rules of masculinity, which is unfair because they feel unable to show emotions while women are more likely to seek help. Men become lonely and are more likely to commit suicide. These aspects of doing gender as a man are called toxic masculinity, because they are bad for other men, women and the individual man himself. These include some of the traits explained above, like suppressing emotion and dangerous actions. The authors were able to prove their argument of certain men being put over others, especially women. Those hegemonic traits allow them to avoid femininity and contribute to the sexist society we are in today. Avoiding acting like a girl is constraining to men, and limit their lives option in order to remain a â€Å"manly man.† There are lots of research involving examples of men giving up all feminine acts or of their masculine traits giving them power over â€Å"weaker† men, but especially women. In preforming in strictly manly activities, men tend to miss out of things they may enjoy just because they are considered more â€Å"feminine.† Men continue this act of masculinity to preserve the privileges and the gender binary that gives hegemonic masculinity its power (Wade 136). They choose to follow the rules, or appear as lower in the hierachy. Wherever they fall though, they all have a fear of joining the men who are disadvantaged and in the lower parts of the hiarchy. Some future studies about this idea of men challenging the gender binary. Few men do, while many women are less afraid to do so. Research could involve what men would be more likely to challenge the gender rules and face falling lower, and how those men would affect our society with them performing more feminine acts. Understanding both men and women’s experiences and perspective can help us better perform gender to where both genders actions aren’t constrained to the binary gender system. How to cite The Book Gender, Papers

Mergers and shareholder wealth

Question: Discuss about the Mergers and shareholder wealth. Answer: Merger A merger is a business scenario where two companies, of the same or different sizes regarding resources and market shares, come together and combine into one company. In some instances, mergers may mean that a big company buys a smaller one. Types of Mergers Horizontal Merger: This is a type of merge that happens between firms or companies within the same line of production or the same industry. This merger is a consolidation made by businesses who are competitors to each other as they tend to offer similar services or goods, companies who operate within the same geographical locality and are in often struggle to get the lions share of the very same market. This type of merger However in most case occurs within industries with a small number of firms. This is because the competition is great and the advantages of a potential gain in the market are much higher after the merge (Brueller et al. 2014). Conglomerate This is a merge that occurs between companies that are totally unrelated when it comes to the products ar services that they offer to their customers. There exist two types of conglomerate mergers, the mixed and the pure one. The mixed conglomerate is the type of merge that is evident in firms that are anticipating for extension of their products and services to the market where the pure conglomerate is a merge that happens where there is nothing in common between the two firms. Market Extension Mergers This is a form of a merger that happens between firms that deal in the production and selling of similar products or services, but they sell them at separately different markets. This alliance aims at ensuring that the emerging company gets access to a larger marketing base and an increase of their client base in these combined markets. Product-Extension Merger This is the type of merger that happens when companies are dealing with the production of related goods and serving the same market joining forces. This kind of merger enables the two firms to group together their products creating a variety hence having access to a larger consumer base with a higher bargaining power and thus earning bigger returns. Vertical Merger This is the type of alliance that happens when two companies producing different services or good for one particular finished good come together. Mostly occurs when companies which operate at different levels in a particular supply chain of an industry merge their operations (Fan Goyal, 2006). The merger between Mitre 9 and Maters Home Improvement is a horizontal merge as they are companies within the same line of production dealing with the sale of their services all over Australia. The horizontal merger also consolidates businesses who are competitors to each other as they tend to offer similar services or goods, companies who operate within the same geographical locality give evidence of the same as the two hardware operate in Australia and offer the same products. The merger, in most instances, is a tool where firms dealing with the production and sale of similar or complementary products identifies a market competition and come together by combining their resources and strengths with the aim of boosting their bargaining power in the market. A merger also helps in cost cutting in various aspects of cut cost leadership, transportation, advertisements, unnecessary competition and the monthly wage bill. Mergers help companies in realizing the long-term expansion of their outbound operations and profitability (DeLong, 2001). Acquisition of the other hand means, a company, in most cases a large company, purchasing a small company with all its resources and labor forces. The acquisition is important and plays a key role in organizational operations, and programming as new talents from the smaller firms are incorporated into the large company to boost its operation (Buono Bowditch, 2003). In mergers and acquisition, the business transaction will take place in the form of large or small means. In the large form, the transaction will transfer significant value in the form of investors and employees. The small form includes the sale of the business (De Man Duysters, 2005). The assumptions that were made as a result of the merger between Mitre 9, a service hardware store, and the Maters Home Improvement, a low-cost hardware store, are; The two corporations have much to gain from the merger; the assumption of globalization and the change of marketing environments has much more to gain from the merger hence more profits for the two companies. The merger will increase the bargaining power of the two hardware; the two companies assumed that through their merge they would be able to kill off unnecessary competition which had earlier made them reduce the prices of their hardware commodities. Through the merge, they will be able to increase the prices of their hardware commodities as they will have eliminated the competition between them hence, even more, profit (Andrade et al. 2001). The merger will improve the market base; through the merge, the two companies will join their resources together and become even more efficient in accessing, even more, market for their customers. They will take advantage of the internet marketing previously used by Maters Home Improvement to achieve these goals and hence improve their market sales (Hijzen et al. 2008). The assumption of equal distribution of power; the merge will result in an equal distribution of power to the various management staff initially present in the two firms. This is to ensure that both parties are equally represented in the newly formed company. The merge will lead to a joint decision making; through the equal distribution of power to management committee in the formed firm, the decision making will be done jointly with no bias to or against any individual firm. The assumption of no negative outcome from the customers or the workers; the merge assumed that there will be no negative effects will arise from customers or workers resulting from the merge and that the two companies will retain its original workers and customers. Management Decisions After The Merge For a successful merger, decisions made and the management technique put in place will determine whether the merger will survive or not. After the merge of Maters Home Improvement and Mitre 9, the management on both sides of the two companies should choose representatives to represent their companys interests in the discussion of the issues that were initially perceived as benefits to be realized after the merge. Strengths and weaknesses should be discussed and analyzed. The management should assess areas like; Mission and vision; Every business enterprise goal and aim is to generate revenue through the provision of services they render or the goods that they produce. As part of the discussion, representatives from Maters Home Improvement and Mitre 9 should address the vision and mission of the newly formed Hardware-Are-Us. The two organizations will try and align their different respective visions and mission to come up with a revised one. This is important as the vision, and the mission state gives a sense of the direction of where the newly born company is heading to. b) Strategy; the newly formed Hardware-Are-Us needs to come up with a unified and common strategy on which they will operate on. The strategy proves crucial as it provides a guide to the way forward with respect the agreed upon mission and the vision statement. Strategy in the large scale planning may prove challenging especially when Hardware-Are-Us is trying to stabilize and channeling most of its activities in the integration activities however efficient strategic processes like the Real Time Strategic Planning could prove very handy and help the staff leaders and the board at large in the process of initiating their strategic plans around the absolute significant opportunities that were seen before they two companies decided to merge and emerging issues that are currently facing Hardware-Are-Us in achieving its goals. Like, for example, the issue of Mitre 9 s outdated system should be complemented and supported by Maters Home Improvements advanced system. The newly formed Hardwar e-r-us company should thus incorporate Maters Home Improvements advanced system of online service booking system for small jobs (Melville et al. 2004). Fiscal/ monetary management: money is a very sensitive factor of production in any organization. It becomes even more sensitive when a merging organization has developed disagreement on the financial contribution and the monitoring process and continued disagreements on the financial grounds between Maters Home Improvement, and Mitre 9 will lead to a break of Hardware-Are-Us. The elected board need to agree on financial grounds like for example the process of financial oversight and the financial percentage contribution of the individual firm in the newly formed Hardware-Are-Us. The assessment of the financial matters will ensure alignment on necessity parts of monetary responsibilities of the board with zero participation of the board in the day-to-day financial management as that is left entirely to the staff. Risk management; the merge to Hardware-Are-Us did create an opportunity for the board to evaluate the risk as part of their management role. This involves processes like the maintenance of insurance policies, determination and monitoring potential risks and ascertaining that the staff is fully equipped with risk management procedures. This proves useful as Hardware-Are-Us may consider expanding through expansion program activities and determination of expansion opportunities which is a good example of risk taking activity by any business organization. Resources acquisition; Maters Home Improvement and Mitre 9 board members had very different experience in their method of acquiring resources and different expectations when involved in fund generation and development. They had a different scenario when it came to planning, investors, and approaches and of course their individual contributions. The process involved in the management and the alignment of these different experiences in Hardware-Are-Us can prove challenging, and the board needs to lay down their methods of resource acquisition and the very best be selected after a joint agreement (Wade Hulland, 2004). Program effectiveness; the process of creating an appropriate program monitor is a crucial part of the board of Hardware-Are-Us. They must create trust and respect for the respective roles so that the board does not find itself engaging in the day-to-day management of staff and programs. The board thus will depend on the staff to deliver a timely report and an effective evaluation of programs in Hardware-Are-Us. The relationship with the CEO; a merger to form Hardware-Are-Us means that if not all then part of the management committee shall be working with a new CEO. This can be problematic if part of the management committee says from the Mitre 9 side feel that their supervisory role has been minimized or may be challenged. Hence to avoid this, the board must ensure that there is a unified expectation when it comes to a relationship with the CEO and that they do not cross their line and start assuming the role of the CEO (Cybo-Ottone Murgia, 2000). Board engagement, culture, and structure; a successful board is the one that is engaged. The successfully engaged board members often find themselves being to creating an efficient and effective board structure. This will become a habit and thus develop a culture and thus success of the merge. Information System And Information Technology An information system is a component set that is integrated together and applicable in areas of data collection, storage and processing to provide the desired information. The information system entails the use of software and a hardware part of an electronic device, mostly a computer to carry out data manipulation process. Information technology entailed the usage of computers in the storage of data and information, networking and an electronic device, infrastructure and all the process that entailed the creation, storage, security and facilitated the exchange of various types of data. The use of information system in the newly formed Hardware-Are-us has an effect on the customer choice, the continued patronage, and brand loyalty in the following ways; The adoption of IT will help Hardware-Are-Us in solving problems; the use of smart applications such as the collaborative programs an example being the Kanban board and the mind mapping programs an example being X mind together with the tangible elements such as the excellent processors and memory will help the organization to conduct market research faster, give a breakdown of the findings and provide a viable scalability on which the business will operate on. This is advantageous as Hardware-Are-Us will receive a continued patronage from its shareholders, investors, and even the consumers. Incorporation of IT will be a certain proper decision making; excellent decision making by any business relies heavily on the market research done by the business. This is very much achievable through video conferencing with clients of their tastes and preferences and the improvements that Hardware-Are-Us should make, review of consumers feedback on media and industrial platforms and the use of online survey on the interest of getting consumers feedback. This can be used to improve the taste and adjust to changes that are considered drawback in their products and services Hardware-Are-Us offer and thus continued patronage and brand loyalty from consumers (Venkatesh et al. 2003). The IT has excellent marketing opportunities; Hardware-Are-Us can embrace internet marketing techniques such as Facebook Ads and SEO. These methods happen to be more efficient compared to the traditional marketing methods as they cover a larger global geographical area hence the target market can be approached from anywhere. The internet can also aid the company in building a marketing campaign through advertising hence increase on customer choice, loyalty and market (Longley et al. 2001). They can support firm's operations by improving on speed; This saves the time required to make a decision, and hence time takes to initiate an action. For example, through the use of information technologies to communicate such as the use of emails allows the management and staff to communicate instantly and initiate actions immediately compare to the traditional means such as speaking in meeting and writing letters. This can be crucial in cases where immediate response are needed to a customer and thus improves on customer trust and confidence to the company. (Hogan et al. 2002). Used to create and enhance new strategies required by the company; like for instance if a companys strategy is to minimize the cost of production, IT can be incorporated to make the overall production cost cheaper and thus the overall products of Hardware-are-us will be cheaper hence attracting more customer and retaining the existing ones. Can be useful in the creation of a competitive advantage; the use of IT by Hardware-Are-Us can be used to creating a unique technology into a product that other companies find difficult to enumerate hence reducing the threat of consumer switching to other competitive products hence ensuring brand loyalty (Laudon Laudon, 2004). How to Attract New Customers Advertisements Advertising is mainly done to create promising leads that a consumer can get for the value of money charged. Advertising creates awareness of a particular product or service that hits the targeted market and also the potential market targets and gives a showcase value that the company is willing to offer to its consumers. Advertisement can be achieved in several forms from media in the form of television and radios to billboards. Referrals and Networking Referrals from networking in addition to the past associates of the individual businesses are not only a cheap way to start the merged company but also a means to attract more consumers in possession of high retention rates (Seybold et al. 2001). Making the Company as The Solution: The hardware-are-us company should avail itself to the consumers by opening up many stalls all over the country with the company's Logo on the front and a brief description of the services they offer. By so doing the company has availed itself and has marketed itself to the people hence attracting more customers (Blattberg Deighton, 1996). Making use of the Internet Since they merged and had taken advantage of Maters Home Improvements internet and online capabilities. Hardware-Are-Us should open a web page of their own to market their products and services. They should encourage subscription through emails and Facebook so that they can send daily updates to their customers and the newly signed customers (O'Brien Marakas, 2005). Conclusion Mergers are being done everywhere as firms have realized the need to put to rest the unnecessary competition, join forces and resources and channel all their expertise to the production of goods and services at a favorable market price. Depends on the outline, vision, mission, strategies to be put in place, risks to be taken and the ones to be avoided and the management committee to be formed under to bias to a particular firm. The main problem of a merger is the dispute that may arise as a result of unequal sharing of either power, expenses, profits or lack of representation of one of the firms. A successful merger is not only profitable to the businesses merging but also to the consumer as it ensures a continued supply of their goods and services. Recommendation Proper guidelines should be laid down in the event before the merge. Factors such as the management committee, decision-making process, financial contribution of each, the workers and employees to be retained and much more should be considered. This will ensure a smooth merging process. After the merger clear guidelines of the mission, vision and goal of the newly formed company should be stipulated and ways and means to attain their realization be clearly laid down, merger can be very profitable when there are proper guidelines and division of roles and duties of each employee but when done carelessly it can lead to huge losses. 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